System Design Foundations

1 / 5

Start With Requirements

Latency targets (P95/P99)
Availability SLO
Consistency + freshness
Cost + constraints

2 / 5

Back‑of‑Envelope

Peak QPS
Data per request
Storage growth

3 / 5

Latency Budget

Each hop consumes budget
Cache > DB > network
If budget fails, redesign path

4 / 5

Takeaway

Constraints drive architecture

5 / 5

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